版大您好 我查詢了一些文法書 整理出來 供您參考
(以下為網路資料；請注意我劃底線及粗體字的地方 應該可以幫到您)
by 被；藉由；在旁邊
A 當介系詞
1.在被動語態裡，我們用by表示「被…」，指出動作是什麼人做的；但「用…」，指出動作是用什麼工具完成的，則用with：
The letter was evidently written by a foreigner.
這封信顯然是外國人寫的。
She was blinded by the bright lights.
她被刺眼的燈光照得什麼都看不見。
His skull had been crushed with a heavy object.
他的骨頭曾被重物撞擊。
2.by也表示「藉由…」，指出藉由什麼方式完成一件事：
She made a bit of money by selling her paintings.
她藉著賣自己畫的畫賺了一點錢。
May I pay by credit card?
我可以用信用卡付款嗎？
She’s arriving in London by air this afternoon.
她今天下午會搭機抵達倫敦。
4.by可以當作指出地點的介系詞
4.1by指「在…旁邊」：
There was a low table by her chair.
她的椅子旁有個矮桌子。
4.2by也有「經過」的意思：
The bus flew by me before I could stop it.
我還沒來得及招手，公車就從我身邊飛過去了。
5.by也可以當做指出時間的介系詞
5.1by表示「在…的時候」或「在…之前」：
By five thirty she was feeling pretty hungry.
五點半的時候，她覺得肚子很餓。
5.2by day指「白天的候」，by night指「晚上的時候」：
Owls sleep by day and hunt by night.
貓頭鷹白天睡覺，晚上獵食。
6.by nature指「生性…」：
He was quite a shy person by nature.
他是個生性非常害羞的人。
7.by trade、by professional指「以…為職業」
Her next boyfriend was Jack, who was a psychologist by profession.
她下一個男朋友是傑克，一名心理學家。
8.by law指「依據法律」：
Employers must by law employ workers from minority groups.
依據法律，雇主必須雇用屬於少數族群的員工。
B 表達乘法、除法、量度和速度
Divide twenty-seven by three.
27除以3。
Four multiplied by three is twelve.
4乘以3等於12。
The bedroom was about ten meters by six (= 10m long and 6m wide).
臥室的大小約為10公尺乘6公尺。
The situation was worsening by the hour (=very quickly).
情況驟然變壞。
Prices have risen by an average of 4% this year.
今年的價格平均上漲了4%。
Interest rates are to be cut by 1%.
利率會縮減1%。
Her sister was taller by at least two inches.
她姊姊至少高了兩吋。
I only missed my train by a couple of minutes.
我才差幾分鐘就趕上火車了。
little by little（一點一點地）、day by day（一天一天地）這種說法用來表示持續漸進的過程：
Add the milk bit by bit.
一點一點地加入牛奶。
One by one the musicians left the stage.
樂手一個一個地退下舞台。
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以上 (長知識，受教了，感謝！)
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